Magnesium Ions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium
Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion. It is an essential mineral nutrient (i.e., element) for life and is present in every cell type in every organism. For example, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main source of energy in cells, must be bound to a magnesium ion in order to be biologically active. What is called ATP is often actually Mg-ATP. As such, magnesium plays a role in the stability of all polyphosphate compounds in the cells, including those associated with the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Over 300 enzymes require the presence of magnesium ions for their catalytic action, including all enzymes utilizing or synthesizing ATP, or those that use other nucleotides to synthesize DNA and RNA.
Magnesium Basics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455825/
Extracellular magnesium accounts for ∼1% of total body magnesium which is primarily found in serum and red blood cells (RBCs). Serum magnesium can—just like calcium—be categorized into three fractions. It is either free/ionized, bound to protein or complexed with anions such as phosphate, bicarbonate and citrate or sulphate. The chemistry of magnesium is unique among cations of biological relevance. Magnesium is essential for man and is required in relatively large amounts. Magnesium is a cofactor in >300 enzymatic reactions and thus it is essential for many crucial physiological functions, such as heart rhythm, vascular tone, nerve function and muscle contraction and relaxation. Magnesium is also needed for bone formation and can also be referred to as a natural ‘calcium antagonist’. However, hypomagnesaemia is rather common, in particular, in hospitalized patients.
Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586582/
Magnesium deficiency has been linked to atherosclerosis, alterations in blood lipids and blood sugar, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, hypertension, kidney stones, premenstrual syndrome, psychiatric disorder, eclampsia, migraine headaches, ADHD, Alzheimer’s Disease and Asthma. Some of the potential indications that require further investigation include for example depression, dysmenorrhea, fatigue, fibromyalgia, hearing loss, kidney stones, premenstrual syndrome, osteoporosis, and tinnitus.
Magnesium deficiency and oxidative stress
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5112180/
As Mg is suggested to be an important player in the pathogenesis of diseases and is associated with disturbed antioxidant regulation, estimation and correction of impaired magnesium status is highly recommended in Mg deficient patients.
Permeation of topically applied Magnesium ions through human skin is facilitated by hair follicles.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3gocpP7dy_-SmN6Z1U5VzdseUE
Transport of magnesium ions across the protective barrier of skin, the stratum corneum, is contentious. Upon topical application of magnesium solution, we found that magnesium penetrates through human stratum corneum and it depends on concentration and time of exposure. We also found that hair follicles make a significant contribution to magnesium penetration.
Study on the mechanism of antibacterial action of magnesium oxide nanoparticles against foodborne pathogens.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27349516
The minimal inhibitory concentrations of MgO nanoparticles to 10(4) colony-forming unit/ml (CFU/ml) of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Enteritidis were determined to be 0.5, 1 and 1 mg/ml, respectively. To completely inactivate 10(8-9) CFU/ml bacterial cells in 4 h, a minimal concentration of 2 mg/ml MgO nanoparticles was required for C. jejuni whereas E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis required at least 8 mg/ml nanoparticles. MgO nanoparticles have strong antibacterial activity against three important foodborne pathogens. The interaction of nanoparticles with bacterial cells causes cell membrane leakage, induces oxidative stress, and ultimately leads to cell death.
Magnesium Supplementation in Vitamin D Deficiency
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28471760
Vitamin D screening assay is readily available, but the reported lower limit of the normal range is totally inadequate for disease prevention. Based on the epidemiologic studies, ∼75% of all adults worldwide have serum 25(OH)D levels of <30 ng/mL. Vitamin D and Mg replacement therapy in elderly patients is known to reduce the nonvertebral fractures, overall mortality, and the incidence of Alzheimer dementia.
Efficacy of intravenous magnesium in neuropathic pain
Postherpetic neuralgia is a complication of acute herpes zoster characterized by severe pain and paraesthesia in the skin area affected by the initial infection. There is evidence that the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor is involved in the development of hypersensitivity states and it is known that magnesium blocks the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor. The present study supports the concept that the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor is involved in the control of postherpetic neuralgia
Effect of magnesium sulfate on morphine activity retention to control pain after herniorrhaphy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27866449
The administration of postoperative morphine in control group 0.79 ± 1.48 mg was significantly higher to the experimental group 0.17 ± 0.63 mg during the first 24 h (p = 0.01). MgSO4 increased the potency of morphine thereby reducing the amount of postoperative pain killer needed.
Magnesium sulfate improves postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27687417
Magnesium sulfate reduced opioid consumption compared with placebo in the postoperative, but not in the intraoperative, period. Nausea, not vomiting, was reduced in ketorolac but not in the magnesium group. Pain intensity was higher in placebo than in the other 2 groups during all periods of observation. In the first 60 minutes, pain intensity was lower in the magnesium than in the ketorolac or the placebo group.
The Effect of Systemic and Regional Use of Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Tramadol Consumption in Lumbar Disc Surgery.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27022607
At the stage of suturing the surgical incision site, the IV Group received 50 mg/kg MgSO4 intravenously in 150 mL saline within 30 mins. In the IM Group, 50 mg/kg MgSO4 in 30 mL saline was injected intramuscularly into the paraspinal muscles. In Group C, 30 mL saline was injected intramuscularly into the paraspinal muscles. Magnesium applied to the operative region was found to be more effective on postoperative analgesia than systemically administered magnesium.
Efficacy of a Cream Containing Ceramides and Magnesium in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized, Double-blind, Emollient- and Hydrocortisone-controlled Trial.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26939522
A total of 100 patients, randomized into 2 groups, were treated for 6 weeks simultaneously (left vs. right side of the body) with either Cer-Mg and hydrocortisone (group I) or Cer-Mg and emollient (group II). The primary outcome was a reduction in severity of lesions as assessed by (local) SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis). Levels of trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, and natural moisturizing factors (NMF) were then measured. After 6 weeks, group I showed comparable significant improvement in SCORAD and TEWL, while in group II, the decrease in SCORAD and TEWL was significantly greater after Cer-Mg compared with emollient. Finally, Cer-Mg cream was more effective in improving skin hydration and maintenance of levels of NMF than hydrocortisone and emollient.
Clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical effects of arsenical-ferruginous spa waters on mild-to-moderate psoriatic lesions: a randomized placebo-controlled study.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23755765
A statistically significant difference between spa water-treated lesions and placebo-treated lesions in the same patients was demonstrated for histopathologic and immunohistochemical parameters. Since iron ions have an antiproliferative effect on epithelia, and magnesium ions have an anti-inflammatory effect, Levico and Vetriolo water effectiveness on psoriasis could be addressed to their content of these ions.
Magnesium, Zinc and Copper Status in Osteoporotic, Osteopenic and Normal Post-menopausal Women
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/147323000703500514
Serum concentrations of magnesium, zinc and copper were measured in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (n = 40), osteopenia (n = 40) or normal bone mineral density (n = 40) as classified on the basis of the T-score of the femur neck and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry results. Mean concentrations of magnesium and zinc were significantly lower in osteoporotic women than in both osteopenic women and normal women. In addition, magnesium and zinc concentrations in osteopenic women were significantly lower than in normal women. There were no statistically significant differences observed between the osteopenic, osteoporotic and control groups with respect to copper levels. The clinical significance of these changes needs further elucidation, but trace element supplementation, especially with magnesium and zinc and perhaps copper, may have beneficial effects on bone density.
Effect of transdermal magnesium cream on serum and urinary magnesium levels in humans: A pilot study.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28403154
Oral magnesium supplementation is commonly used to support a low magnesium diet. This investigation set out to determine whether magnesium in a cream could be absorbed transdermally in humans to improve magnesium status. No previous studies have looked at the transdermal absorbency of Mg2+ in human subjects. In this pilot study, transdermal delivery of 56 mg Mg/day (a low dose compared with commercial transdermal Mg2+ products available) showed a larger percentage rise in both serum and urinary markers from pre to post-intervention compared with subjects using the placebo cream, but statistical significance was achieved only for serum Mg2+ in a subgroup of non-athletes. Future studies should look at a higher dosage of magnesium cream for longer durations.
Magnesium: a versatile drug for anesthesiologists
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3726845/
Magnesium sulfate is an old drug, but has multiple characteristics which are very useful for anesthesiologists. When it is used appropriately to enhance analgesia and muscle relaxation in surgical patients, it can contribute to improvement in the outcome of surgical patients.
Magnesium supplementation, metabolic and inflammatory markers, and global genomic and proteomic profiling: a randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial in overweight individuals.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21159786
We examined the effects of oral magnesium supplementation on metabolic biomarkers and global genomic and proteomic profiling in overweight individuals. We observed that magnesium treatment significantly decreased fasting C-peptide concentrations (change: -0.4 ng/mL after magnesium treatment compared with +0.05 ng/mL after placebo treatment; P = 0.004) and appeared to decrease fasting insulin concentrations (change: -2.2 μU/mL after magnesium treatment compared with 0.0 μU/mL after placebo treatment; P = 0.25). No consistent patterns were observed across inflammatory biomarkers. Gene expression profiling revealed up-regulation of 24 genes and down-regulation of 36 genes including genes related to metabolic and inflammatory pathways such as C1q and tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (C1QTNF9) and pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP). Urine proteomic profiling showed significant differences in the expression amounts of several peptides and proteins after treatment.
Magnesium supplementation, metabolic and inflammatory markers, and global genomic and proteomic profiling: a randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial in overweight individuals.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21159786
We examined the effects of oral magnesium supplementation on metabolic biomarkers and global genomic and proteomic profiling in overweight individuals. We observed that magnesium treatment significantly decreased fasting C-peptide concentrations (change: -0.4 ng/mL after magnesium treatment compared with +0.05 ng/mL after placebo treatment; P = 0.004) and appeared to decrease fasting insulin concentrations (change: -2.2 μU/mL after magnesium treatment compared with 0.0 μU/mL after placebo treatment; P = 0.25). No consistent patterns were observed across inflammatory biomarkers. Gene expression profiling revealed up-regulation of 24 genes and down-regulation of 36 genes including genes related to metabolic and inflammatory pathways such as C1q and tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (C1QTNF9) and pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP). Urine proteomic profiling showed significant differences in the expression amounts of several peptides and proteins after treatment.
Clinical Consequences and Management of Hypomagnesemia
http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/20/11/2291.full
Mg2+ deficiency continues to be under-recognized and may lead to serious consequences. It should be routinely measured in critically ill patients and in those with conditions that are known to be associated with Mg2+ deficiency.